ABSTRACT
Vaccination is the most powerful and useful preparation against infectious diseases. However, developing vaccines costs a lot and requires extensive long-term efforts. Therefore, the government should research and develop vaccines with a national-level policy. To greatly enhance the success rate of vaccine development, the policy should be set up considering priorities such as the current status of domestic research, the importance for public health, the urgency of research. The Delphi technique was utilized to draft this survey, through a brainstorming stage, then two inquiries, and finally the final panel meeting where unresolved items were discussed, to draw the conclusion. Among the results, firstly, the highest ranked item on centralized fields for vaccine development by the Ministry of Health was 'self-sufficiency of vaccines.' Secondly, 'emerging infectious disease' was most highly ranked in prioritized fields of vaccine development and research. Thirdly, for the vaccine that needs to be improved and developed further by the government to improve its efficacy and safety, BCG (Bacille de Calmette) for tuberculosis was ranked the highest on both types (intradermal and subcutaneous injection) from National Immunization Programme (NIP) and non-NIP. As for the high risk pathogens, 'anthrax' and 'smallpox' were first and second, consecutively. Lastly, 'development and control of vaccine candidates' was ranked the highest for the area in need for technique development in order to improve domestic vaccine's research level. The results of this study will be put to good use as basic data for the national vaccine research and development (R&D) policy of the country. This study was first step and more studies should be carried out for the final decision of the national vaccine R&D priority.
Subject(s)
Communicable Diseases , Delphi Technique , Immunization , Korea , Mycobacterium bovis , Public Health , Tuberculosis , Vaccination , VaccinesABSTRACT
Epidemiological studies have suggested an association between pesticide exposure and Parkinson's disease. In this study, we examined the neurotoxicity of an organochlorine pesticide, heptachlor, in vitro and in vivo. In cultured SH-SY5Y cells, heptachlor induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. When injected into mice intraperitoneally on a subchronic schedule, heptachlor induced selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. In addition, the heptachlor injection induced gliosis of microglia and astrocytes selectively in the ventral midbrain area. When the general locomotor activities were monitored by open field test, the heptachlor injection did not induce any gross motor dysfunction. However, the compound induced Parkinsonism-like movement deficits when assessed by a gait and a pole test. These results suggest that heptachlor can induce Parkinson's disease-related neurotoxicities in vivo.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Mice , Apoptosis , Astrocytes/drug effects , Cell Line, Tumor , Cells, Cultured , Dopaminergic Neurons/drug effects , Gait , Heptachlor/toxicity , Locomotion , Neurotoxicity Syndromes/etiology , Parkinsonian Disorders/chemically induced , Pesticides/toxicity , Substantia Nigra/drug effectsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To determine whether viscoelastic materials are effective to protect the corneal endothelium from air bubble damage. METHODS: Human eye bank (n=12) and rabbit (n=22) eyes underwent a standardized phacoemulsification procedure with or without viscoelastic material [1% sodium hyaluronate (Healon(R)), 1.4% sodium hyaluronate (Healon GV(R)), 3% sodium hyaluronate with 4% chondroitin sulfate (Viscoat(R))]. The integrity of the endothelium was examined after the procedure with F-actin staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: In the phacoemulsification experiment without viscoelastic material, with Healon, and with Healon GV, the endothelium of both human and rabbit corneas had many areas of cell loss in a pattern consistent with air bubble damage. But with Viscoat, endothelial cells remained intact. CONCLUSIONS: We found that Viscoat was effective to protect the endothelium from air bubble damage. Viscoat seems to protect the endothelium by acting as a physical barrier.
Subject(s)
Humans , Actins , Chondroitin Sulfates , Cornea , Endothelial Cells , Endothelium , Endothelium, Corneal , Eye Banks , Hyaluronic Acid , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Phacoemulsification , Viscoelastic SubstancesABSTRACT
To assess the predictability and accuracy of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in myopia, we reviewed the charts of 182 patients who underwent PRK and were followed up for more than 12 months. The mean visual acuity was improved from 0.11 to 0.80 at 12 months postoperatively, and the mean refraction change shows from -7.94D to -0.89D. 47% of the treated eye achieved final visual acuity of 1.0, and 97% achieved 0.5 or better. In the case of postoperative refraction, 96% of cases who were less than -6 D myopia achieved final refraction within +/- 1D, while 66% of cases who were more than -6 D myopia did. These results suggest that PRK is a safe and predictable procedure in treating mild to moderate myopia.